{"id":7794,"date":"2025-03-26T16:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-03-26T15:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.v3ritas.sk\/?p=7794"},"modified":"2025-07-15T11:48:40","modified_gmt":"2025-07-15T09:48:40","slug":"upadajuca-stredna-trieda-v-rozvinutych-krajinach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.v3ritas.sk\/index.php\/2025\/03\/26\/upadajuca-stredna-trieda-v-rozvinutych-krajinach\/","title":{"rendered":"Upadaj\u00faca stredn\u00e1 trieda v rozvinut\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch"},"content":{"rendered":"\n


Tento \u010dl\u00e1nok komentuje dlhodob\u00fd v\u00fdvoj strednej triedy a faktory, ktor\u00e9 ho ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa. Rozober\u00e1 sa v \u0148om glob\u00e1lna ekonomick\u00e1 situ\u00e1cia a perspekt\u00edvy jej v\u00fdvoja aj na lok\u00e1lnom pr\u00edklade USA. \u010cl\u00e1nok nem\u00e1 za cie\u013e hodnoti\u0165 mor\u00e1lny aspekt tejto problematiky ale poukazova\u0165 na fakty a komentova\u0165 dan\u00fa t\u00e9mu v obmedzenom rozsahu. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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UPOZORNENIE \u2013 D\u00d4LE\u017dIT\u00c9 INFORM\u00c1CIE<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

LIMITY RASTU LOK\u00c1LNEHO KAPITALIZMU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Problematika narastaj\u00faceho rozdielu medzi najbohat\u0161\u00edmi v spolo\u010dnosti a pracuj\u00facou triedou je ka\u017ed\u00fdm rokom viac aktu\u00e1lnou t\u00e9mou. Prv\u00fdm tak\u00fdm mi\u013en\u00edkom, kedy sa t\u00e1to problematika dostala do \u0161ir\u0161ieho povedomia bola publik\u00e1cia knihy Kapit\u00e1l v 21. storo\u010d\u00ed<\/strong> od franc\u00fazskeho sociol\u00f3ga Thomasa Pikettyho v roku 2013 (origin\u00e1l vo franc\u00faz\u0161tine). Piketty v svojom bestselleri predstavil v\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu so svojimi spolupracovn\u00edkmi, kde zverejnili pr\u00e1ve \u0161tatistick\u00e9 \u00fadaje<\/strong> potvrdzuj\u00face probl\u00e9m rast\u00facej diverzifik\u00e1cie medzi pr\u00edjmov\u00fdmi triedami v spolo\u010dnosti<\/strong>. Piketty aj s kolegami riadia aj rozsiahlu datab\u00e1zu World Inequality Database<\/a>, kde s\u00fa v\u00fdsledky ich v\u00fdkumu aktualizov\u00e1van\u00e9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Probl\u00e9m \u201eroz\u0165ahuj\u00facich sa no\u017en\u00edc grafu\u201c rozdielu medzi pr\u00edjmami bohat\u0161\u00edch a ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch vrstiev by nebol a\u017e tak\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom, keby nezapr\u00ed\u010di\u0148uje aj chudobnenie strednej triedy<\/strong> v rozvinut\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch. Tento probl\u00e9m je najviac cite\u013en\u00fd v rozvinut\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch so slab\u0161ou soci\u00e1lnou politikou ako napr. USA. My\u0161lienka americk\u00e9ho sna prakticky zomrela, v USA u\u017e be\u017en\u00fd pracuj\u00faci mlad\u00fd \u010dlovek nedok\u00e1\u017ee \u017ei\u0165 pod\u013ea ekonomick\u00fdch \u0161tandardov gener\u00e1cie jeho rodi\u010dov a star\u00fdch rodi\u010dov, ktor\u00ed boli ekonomicky najakt\u00edvnej\u0161\u00ed v 50-ych a\u017e 90-ych rokoch. Jednou z pr\u00ed\u010din je, \u017ee re\u00e1lne platy ameri\u010danov u\u017e desa\u0165ro\u010dia nerast\u00fa<\/strong>  (vi\u010f obr\u00e1zok \u010d. 1) vzh\u013eadom na narastaj\u00face \u017eivotn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady – najm\u00e4 ceny nehnute\u013enost\u00ed. \u00dapadok strednej triedy zapr\u00ed\u010di\u0148uje aj n\u00e1rast chudoby a v Amerike vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch a bohat\u00fdch mest\u00e1ch vznikaj\u00fa aj novodob\u00e9 slumy<\/a> s \u013eu\u010fmi bez domova, kde sa \u0161\u00edri aj drogov\u00e1 z\u00e1vislos\u0165. <\/p>\n\n\n

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Obr. \u010d. 1: Medi\u00e1n t\u00fd\u017edenn\u00fdch re\u00e1lnych v\u00fdplat zamestnan\u00fdch TPP, vek 16+, CPI 1982-84 USD (Zdroj: <\/em>FRED<\/em><\/a>)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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Ako jeden z pr\u00edkladov m\u00f4\u017eeme uvies\u0165 nasledovn\u00fd graf (obr. \u010d. 2), kde je jasne zrete\u013en\u00e1 negat\u00edvna korel\u00e1cia medzi vlastnen\u00fdm majetkom strednej triedy a najbohat\u0161ieho 1% obyvate\u013eov v USA, zjednodu\u0161ene povedan\u00e9 – bohat\u00ed bohatn\u00fa na \u00fakor strednej triedy<\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 t\u00fdmto slabne. Tieto trendy s\u00fa cite\u013en\u00e9, ale st\u00e1le menej ako v USA, aj v in\u00fdch rozvinut\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch ako napr\u00edklad v z\u00e1padnej Eur\u00f3pe, kde s\u00fa vy\u0161\u0161ie progres\u00edvne dane, teda bohat\u00ed odv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa \u0161t\u00e1tu zo ziskov viac a soci\u00e1lne rozdiely sa t\u00fdmto zmier\u0148uj\u00fa nako\u013eko \u0161t\u00e1t m\u00e1 viac prostriedkov na fungovanie soci\u00e1lnych programov (v pr\u00edpade kedy nedoch\u00e1dza k da\u0148ov\u00fdm \u00fanikom). Najjasnej\u0161\u00edm pr\u00edkladom a opakom Friedmanovskej neoklasickej ekon\u00f3mie<\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 sa aplikovala v USA a Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nii (Reaganomika a Thatcherizmus) s cie\u013eom o\u017eivenia ekonom\u00edk zni\u017eovan\u00edm vtedy st\u00e1le vysok\u00fdch progres\u00edvnych dan\u00ed pre bohat\u00fdch, je tzv. \u0160kandin\u00e1vsky socializmus<\/strong> (najvy\u0161\u0161ie progres\u00edvne dane), ktor\u00fd v\u0161ak tie\u017e nar\u00e1\u017ea na prek\u00e1\u017eku – exportu priemyslu a spolo\u010dnost\u00ed in\u00fdch sektorov do zahrani\u010dia, kde s\u00fa ni\u017e\u0161ie dane. <\/p>\n\n\n

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Obr. \u010d. 2: \u010cist\u00e9 osobn\u00e9 bohatstvo v USA, 1962-2023, % z celku,<\/em> top 1% – \u010derven\u00e1, stredn\u00fdch 40% – modr\u00e1 (Zdroj: <\/em>WID<\/em><\/a>)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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LIMITY RASTU GLOB\u00c1LNEHO KAPITALIZMU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podobn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my zatia\u013e nie s\u00fa cite\u013en\u00e9 v rozv\u00edjaj\u00facich sa krajin\u00e1ch, kde spolu s rast\u00facim bohatstvom najbohat\u0161\u00edch sa zatia\u013e zvy\u0161uje aj \u017eivotn\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 ostatn\u00e9ho obyvate\u013estva a vznik\u00e1 tam nov\u00e1 stredn\u00e1 trieda<\/strong> v z\u00e1padnom pon\u00edman\u00ed dan\u00e9ho pomenovania.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jednou z hlavn\u00fdch pr\u00ed\u010din probl\u00e9mov hospod\u00e1rstva Z\u00e1padu je, \u017ee rozvinut\u00e9 krajiny pre\u0161li alebo prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa na post-industri\u00e1lnu f\u00e1zu rozvoja ekonomiky, kedy aj ve\u013ek\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 priemyslu odi\u0161la alebo odch\u00e1dza do rozv\u00edjaj\u00facich sa kraj\u00edn alebo do kraj\u00edn prechodn\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1dia v\u00fdvoja. Toto pom\u00e1ha rozv\u00edja\u0165 v t\u00fdchto krajin\u00e1ch aj sf\u00e9ru slu\u017eieb a teda rozv\u00edjaj\u00face sa krajiny sa vyv\u00edjaj\u00fa u\u017e in\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom a tempom ako krajiny rozvinut\u00e9. Z d\u00f4vodu exportu re\u00e1lneho sektora ekonomiky, najm\u00e4 priemyslu, do chudobnej\u0161\u00edch kraj\u00edn u\u017e ch\u00e1panie \u017ee by sa rozrastal rozdiel medzi bohat\u00fdmi a chudobn\u00fdmi krajinami nie je pravda<\/strong>, vi\u010f obr. \u010d. 3. <\/p>\n\n\n

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Obr. \u010d. 3: HDP na obyvate\u013ea (% od svetov\u00e9ho priemeru), Eur\u00f3pa-Amerika a \u00c1zia-Afrika (Zdroj: T. Piketty: Kapit\u00e1l v 21. storo\u010d\u00ed, 2014)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Kapitalizmus v rozvinut\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch u\u017e dosiahol svoje limity<\/strong> a svetov\u00e1 re\u00e1lna ekonomika rastie najm\u00e4 na \u00fakor rozv\u00edjaj\u00facich sa kraj\u00edn. Najv\u00fdhodnej\u0161ie invest\u00edcie do re\u00e1lnej ekonomiky s\u00fa mimo Z\u00e1padu, nako\u013eko napr\u00edklad na Z\u00e1pade u\u017e invest\u00edcia do zefekt\u00edvnenia v\u00fdroby prinesie ove\u013ea men\u0161\u00ed zisk ako rovnak\u00e1 invest\u00edcia do jednoduch\u0161ej v\u00fdroby v rozv\u00edjaj\u00facej sa krajine. Re\u00e1lna ekonomika v rozvinut\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch rastie najm\u00e4 v\u010faka vysokotechnologick\u00fdm spolo\u010dnostiam, farm\u00e1cii<\/strong> a pod., no zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161a sa investuje u\u017e iba do tzv. fikt\u00edvneho kapit\u00e1lu – cenn\u00e9 papiere a podobne. Rozvinut\u00e9 ekonomiky sa zvl\u00e1daj\u00fa umelo nafukova\u0165<\/strong> najm\u00e4 v\u010faka finan\u010dn\u00fdm \u0161pekul\u00e1ciam a otvoreniu nov\u00fdch trhov po rozpade v\u00fdchodn\u00e9ho bloku na prelome 80. a 90. rokov a tie\u017e spomenut\u00e9ho exportu priemyslu do sveta. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Glob\u00e1lny kapitalizmus str\u00e1ca \u010fal\u0161ie mo\u017enosti re\u00e1lneho rastu nako\u013eko aj rozv\u00edjaj\u00face sa krajiny u\u017e do ve\u013ekej miery dobehli Z\u00e1pad<\/strong>. Prejavuj\u00fa sa v nich aj demografick\u00e9 trendy postindustri\u00e1lnych kraj\u00edn, kedy sa zni\u017euje p\u00f4rodnos\u0165 a st\u00e1rne popul\u00e1cia<\/strong>. Posledn\u00fdm svetadielom, kde je e\u0161te relat\u00edvne ve\u013ea mo\u017enost\u00ed rastu a vysok\u00e1 p\u00f4rodnos\u0165 je Afrika, kde vo viacer\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch st\u00e1le dominuje po\u013enohospod\u00e1rsky sektor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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H\u013dADANIE RIE\u0160IENIA <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u00ed\u010dinou \u00fazkosti mnoh\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed je pr\u00e1ve to, \u017ee je nevyhnutn\u00e9 syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 rie\u0161enie<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 zatia\u013e neexistuje<\/strong>, resp. k \u017eiadnemu nesmerujeme.  Z \u013eavicovej \u010dasti m\u00e1me najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edch predstavite\u013eov – spomenut\u00e9ho Thomasa Pikettyho<\/strong> a ekon\u00f3ma Josepha Stiglitza<\/strong>, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa z\u00e1stancovia Keynesi\u00e1nstva<\/strong> resp. politiky soci\u00e1lnych demokratov 20. storo\u010dia na Z\u00e1pade, v ich pon\u00edman\u00ed – vysok\u00fdch dan\u00ed pre bohat\u00fdch, z \u010doho by \u0161t\u00e1ty dok\u00e1zali financova\u0165 rie\u0161enia soci\u00e1lnych probl\u00e9mov. Probl\u00e9mom tohoto rie\u0161enia je, \u017ee by spolo\u010dnosti a najbohat\u0161\u00ed z krajiny mohli od\u00eds\u0165 do da\u0148ov\u00fdch rajov a teda tak\u00e9to rie\u0161enie by muselo by\u0165 glob\u00e1lne (v ka\u017edej krajine). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rie\u0161enia navrhuje aj radik\u00e1lnej\u0161ia lavica<\/strong>, napr. americk\u00fd socialistick\u00fd ekon\u00f3m Richard Wolff<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd je z\u00e1stancom dru\u017estevn\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edctva firiem<\/strong>, teda pracovn\u00edci by riadili spolo\u010dnosti a delili sa o zisk spolo\u010dne. Najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edm pr\u00edkladom zo sveta je dlhodob\u00fd \u0161panielsky kooperat\u00edv Mondragon. Tak\u00e9to lok\u00e1lne vlastnenie miestnou skupinou \u013eud\u00ed zabezpe\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee spolo\u010dnos\u0165 sa star\u00e1 viac o svoje okolie a neod\u00edde do zahrani\u0107ia. K radik\u00e1lnej\u0161\u00edm sa radia aj \u0161koly neoklasick\u00fdch marxistov<\/strong>, ako napr. rusk\u00e1 \u0161kola Andreja Kalganova<\/strong> a Alexandra Buzgalina<\/strong>, ktor\u00ed presadzuj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00fd podiel na \u0161t\u00e1tnom vlastn\u00edctve. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Najradik\u00e1lnej\u0161ie rie\u0161enie niektor\u00fdch vedcov je spustenie kr\u00edzov\u00e9ho re\u017eimu<\/strong> a prechod z trhov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva na pr\u00edsne pl\u00e1novanie<\/strong> z d\u00f4vodu ekologick\u00e9ho kolapsu, ktor\u00fd hroz\u00ed v d\u00f4sledku konzumn\u00e9ho \u017eivota ve\u013ekej \u010dasti obyvate\u013estva plan\u00e9ty. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pravica prich\u00e1dza s n\u00e1vrhom tzv. inkluz\u00edvneho kapitalizmu<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd predstavil zakladate\u013e Svetov\u00e9ho ekonomick\u00e9ho f\u00f3ra v Davose Klaus Schwab<\/strong> v knihe COVID-19: Ve\u013ek\u00fd reset<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd je v svojej podstate o tom, \u017ee by drviv\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina majetku pre\u0161la pod ve\u013ek\u00e9 korpor\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 by v\u0161etko zabezpe\u010dovali svojim zamestnancom. K podobn\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu do ve\u013ekej miery zatia\u013e smerujeme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zobrazi\u0165 \u010dl\u00e1nok v PDF<\/a>Stiahnu\u0165<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nok komentuje dlhodob\u00fd v\u00fdvoj strednej triedy a faktory, ktor\u00e9 ho ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa. 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